Hello, what is the differences between x86 and x64? X86 and x64 are shorthand for two architectural interfaces used by Intel and AMD. X86, also called IA-32, refers to two things. First, it refers to an entire family of microprocessors originally produced by Intel.

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X86 microprocessors have incredible amounts of built-in backwards compatibility. On powerup, a brand new i7-5960X from 2014 behaves as nothing more than a really fast 8086 from 1979. Second, and somewhat inaccurately, it refers to programs that are compiled to run in the 32-bit protected mode of operation using the 32-bit version of the x86 instruction set. Biochemistry Book Pdf. These programs should be referred to as IA-32 to differentiate them from programs written for the 16-bit real mode (8086 mode) or 16-bit protected mode (80286 mode). Within protected mode there are several instruction set extensions which can be used to add functionality or improve performance on microprocessors that support those extensions. Ergo, not all x86 programs will run on all x86 microprocessors but many compilers can generate multiple code paths for various levels of instruction set extension support and determine this at runtime.

In the FOSS world it's common to see i386/i686/sse2/sse3 to determine the minimum set of instruction set extensions required to run the binary. For example, an i386 program will run on an 80386 microprocessor or newer, an i686 program requires a Pentium Pro or newer, and an SSE2 program requires a Pentium 4 or newer. X64, also called Intel 64 / AMD64 (but not IA-64, that is something entirely different) refers to programs that are compiled to run in the 64-bit long mode of operation using the 64-bit version of the x86 instruction set.

Certain instructions that were part of instruction set extensions in the x86 world are adopted as core instructions in the x64 world. However, the x64 standard was introduced nearly a decade ago and since then many new instruction set extensions have been added that were not mandated by Intel 64 / AMD64 (SSE4.x, AVX, FMA, RDRAND, AES-NI, just to name a few) so the problem of a program having to either be compiled with particular instruction set extensions in mind or determine code paths at runtime has returned. As far as utility is concerned, x64 provides programs with a lot more resources to work with (there are twice as many general purpose registers and twice as many SIMD registers).